Causes of the Great Migration (1910-1970)

Between 1910 and 1970, an estimated six million African-Americans migrated from southern states to northern and Midwestern cities. Attempting to escape racism and  Jim Crow  laws of the South, African-Americans found work in northern and western steel mills, tanneries, and railroad companies.   During the first wave of the Great Migration, African-Americans settled in urban areas such as New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Detroit. However, by the onset of World War II, African-Americans were also migrating to cities in California such as Los Angeles, Oakland and San Francisco as well as Washingtons Portland and Seattle. Harlem Renaissance leader Alain Leroy Locke  argued in his essay, â€Å"The New Negro,† that â€Å"the wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of the Northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economic freedom, of a spirit to seize, even in the face of an extortionate and heavy toll, a chance for the improvement of conditions. With each successive wave of it, the movement of the Negro becomes more and more a mass movement toward the larger and the more democratic chance — in the Negros case a deliberate flight not only form countryside to city, but from medieval America to modern. Disenfranchisement and Jim Crow Laws African-American men were granted the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment. However, white Southerners passed legislation that prevented African-American men from exercising this right. By 1908, ten Southern states had rewritten their constitutions restrict voting rights through literacy tests, poll taxes and Grandfather clauses. These state laws would not be overturned until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was established, granting all Americans the right to vote. In addition to not having the right to vote, African-Americans were relegated to segregation as well. The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case made it legal to enforce separate but equal public facilities including public transportation, public schools, restroom facilities and water fountains. Racial Violence African-Americans were subjected to various acts of terror by white Southerners. In particular, the Ku Klux Klan emerged, arguing that only white Christians were entitled to civil rights in the United States. As a result, this group, along with other white supremacist groups murdered African-American men and women by lynching, bombing churches, and also setting fire to homes and property. The Boll Weevil Following the end of slavery in 1865, African-Americans in the South faced an uncertain future. Although the Freedmens Bureau helped to rebuild the South during the Reconstruction period, African-Americans soon found themselves reliant on the same people who were once their owners. African-Americans became sharecroppers, a system in which small farmers rented farm space, supplies and tools to harvest a crop. However, an insect known as the boll weevil damaged crops throughout the south between 1910 and 1920. As a result of the boll weevil’s work, there was less of a demand for agricultural workers, leaving many African-Americans unemployed. World War I and the Demand for Workers When the United States decided to enter World War I, factories in northern and Midwestern cities faced extreme labor shortages for several reasons. First, more than five million men enlisted in the army. Secondly, the United States government halted immigration from European countries. Since many African-Americans in the South had been severely affected by the shortage of agricultural work, they responded to the call of employment agents from cities in the North and Midwest. Agents from various industrial sectors arrived in the South, enticing African-American men and women to migrate north by paying their travel expenses. The demand for workers, incentives from industry agents, better educational and housing options, as well as higher pay, brought many African-Americans from the South. For instance, in Chicago, a man could earn $2.50 per day in a meat packing house or $5.00 per day on an assembly line in Detroit The Black Press Northern African-American newspapers played an important role in the Great Migration. Publications such as the Chicago Defender published train schedules and employment listings to persuade Southern African-Americans to migrate north. News publications such as the Pittsburgh Courier and the Amsterdam News published editorials and cartoons showing the promise of moving from the South to the North. These promises included better education for children, the right to vote, access to various types of employment and improved housing conditions. By reading these incentives along with train schedules and job listings, African-Americans understood the importance of leaving the South.

THEORY SUMMARY - 15082 Words

BMCF 5103 CORPORATE FINANCE Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh Lecture 1: An Introduction to Corporate Finance Contents ï‚ ·What is finance? ï‚ ·What is corporate finance? ï‚ ·The balance-sheet model of the firm ï‚ ·Capital budgeting ï‚ ·Capitalstructure ï‚ ·The firm and thefinancial markets ï‚ ·Forms of business organisation ï‚ ·The goals of a corporation ï‚ ·Agency relationships: stockholders versusmanagers, stockholders versus creditors ï‚ ·Managers’ actions to maximise stockholder wealth ï‚ ·Financial management and the firm Reading Brigham, E., and J. Houston, 2007, Fundamentalsof Financial Management, 11thedition,South-Western. Chapter 1. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. andJaffe(2010),Corporate Finance, 9thedition, McGraw−Hill, Chapter 1.†¦show more content†¦The firm and the financialmarkets (A) Firm issues securities to raise cash (the financing decision). (B) Firm invests in assets (capitalbudgeting). (C) Firm’s operations generate cash flow. (D) Cash is paid to government astaxes. (E) Retained cash flows are reinvested in firm. (F) Cash is paid out to investors in the form of interest and dividends. 9 Forms of business organisation ï‚ ·Sole proprietorship An unincorporated businessowned by one individual. Advantagesare (1) easy and inexpensive to set up, (2) subject to few government regulations and (3) avoids corporate taxation.Disadvantages are (1) difficult to obtain large amounts ofcapital,(2) unlimitedpersonalliability and (3) life of business constrainedby life of individual ï‚ ·Partnership An unincorporated business arrangement operated by two or more individuals. Same advantages and disadvantages as sole proprietorship, but added disadvantage that one partner’sliability must be borne by all other partners (although this could be considered an advantage). ï‚ ·Corporation A legal entity that is separate from its owners and managers.Advantages are (1) unlimited life, (2) easily transferred ownership and(3) limitedliability.Disadvantages are (1)earnings may be subjectto double (both corporate and personal) taxation and (2) setting up and running a corporation isShow MoreRelatedSix Sigma for Pizza5436 Words   |  22 Pagespizzas is sufficient to you â€Å" and â€Å"Can you find your favorite taste among the existing available choice of pizzas â€Å" were also included in the questionnaires and survey questions to customers. 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Themes in HRM for Employee Recruitment - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theThemes in HRM for Employee Recruitment. Answer: Introduction The Human Research Topic for this presentation is aimed at answering What is the current research for HRM Topic? This research topic covers; Ethical and legal contexts of HRM, Industrial Challenges for HRM, Diversity and Work-life Balance, Employee Recruitment and Selection, Performance Management, Human Resource Development, Motivation, Rewards and Compensation Aim of this study The aim of this study is meant to develop a critical understanding of future trends in the Human Resource Management. The research will use both primary and secondary sources by examining current professional and academic literature for purposes of providing a clear outlook of the current research in Human Resource Management. Research Methods The research methods used will include the gathering of ideas through reviewing relevant academic textbooks that are related to the chapters from week 4-11. The research will focus on peer-reviewed journals to identify key themes related to current research in Human Resource Management. After, the ideas will be used to present an engaging discussion on the topic. Findings and results The themes of current research for ethical and legal contexts include surveillance of control for purposes of manipulating employee attitudes and commitment. Others include insecurity and risk, deregulation and rhetoric and deceit. The themes for technical challenges include geological disposal of radioactive waste, carbon capture and storage as well as flood embankments. Issues in diversity and work-life balance include programs, culture, personal lives and family. Themes in analysis and design of work focused on skill deficiency and shortages (Wright, Coff Moliterno, 2014). Themes in employee recruitment and selection include innovations and efficiency, customization and efficiency as well as transparency and effectiveness. The performance management themes include Systems Model, common practices and other related issues (Chuang, Jackson Jiang, 2016). Themes in human resource development include skill deficiency and technology awareness. Under motivation, rewards and compensation issues arising include personalization, technology and flexibility. Conclusion Current issues in Human resource management play a significant role in regards to appraising, rewarding and training for purposes of hiring the right personnel, ensuring there is a low employee turnover, guarantee the best performance, encourage fair compensation and effective conduct and elaborate training programs. References Chuang, C. H., Jackson, S. E., Jiang, Y. (2016). Can Knowledge-Intensive Teamwork be Managed? Examining the Roles of HRM Systems, Leadership, and Tacit Knowledge. Journal of management, 42(2), 524-554. Wright, P. M., Coff, R., Moliterno, T. P. (2014). Strategic Human Capital: Crossing the Great Divide. Journal of Management, 40(2), 353-370.

Beginnings of the stock market Essay Example For Students

Beginnings of the stock market Essay At the tail end of the 19th century, boasting a list of business contacts made reporting on gold and silver prospecting in a Colorado mining town called Leadville, Charles Dow left the frontier for the nations financial hub, New York City. He found a job at the Kiernan News Agency, a service that distributed handwritten business news to banks and brokers, where he met two fellow financial reporters, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser. In 1882, the three jumped ship to form a publishing venture of their own. Poor Bergstresser. Not only did he bankroll Dow Jones ; Company with the savings hed acquired by working his way through college, but he alsogave the companys publication, a daily two-page financial news bulletin called the Customers Afternoon Letter, a more lasting appellation: The Wall Street Journal. But Bergstresser was deemed too long to be included in the companys name, and so when Dow invented his stock index 14 years later, he wasnt compelled to name it the Dow Jones Bergstresser Industrial Average. Dow had created a stock average based on eleven companies for the Letter, but his average almost entirely comprised railroad companies. For the Journal, in 1896, Dow used twelve companies and expanded into the American economys bustling industrial sector, companies with names like National Lead and U.S. Rubber. The first measurement of the Dow Jones Industrial Average was 40.94, and it sagged back down close to that number at 41.22 points in 1932 during the throes of the Great Depression. Forty years later the index broke 1,000, and today its barreling down on the 9,000 mark.