Causes of the Great Migration (1910-1970)

Between 1910 and 1970, an estimated six million African-Americans migrated from southern states to northern and Midwestern cities. Attempting to escape racism and  Jim Crow  laws of the South, African-Americans found work in northern and western steel mills, tanneries, and railroad companies.   During the first wave of the Great Migration, African-Americans settled in urban areas such as New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Detroit. However, by the onset of World War II, African-Americans were also migrating to cities in California such as Los Angeles, Oakland and San Francisco as well as Washingtons Portland and Seattle. Harlem Renaissance leader Alain Leroy Locke  argued in his essay, â€Å"The New Negro,† that â€Å"the wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of the Northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economic freedom, of a spirit to seize, even in the face of an extortionate and heavy toll, a chance for the improvement of conditions. With each successive wave of it, the movement of the Negro becomes more and more a mass movement toward the larger and the more democratic chance — in the Negros case a deliberate flight not only form countryside to city, but from medieval America to modern. Disenfranchisement and Jim Crow Laws African-American men were granted the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment. However, white Southerners passed legislation that prevented African-American men from exercising this right. By 1908, ten Southern states had rewritten their constitutions restrict voting rights through literacy tests, poll taxes and Grandfather clauses. These state laws would not be overturned until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was established, granting all Americans the right to vote. In addition to not having the right to vote, African-Americans were relegated to segregation as well. The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case made it legal to enforce separate but equal public facilities including public transportation, public schools, restroom facilities and water fountains. Racial Violence African-Americans were subjected to various acts of terror by white Southerners. In particular, the Ku Klux Klan emerged, arguing that only white Christians were entitled to civil rights in the United States. As a result, this group, along with other white supremacist groups murdered African-American men and women by lynching, bombing churches, and also setting fire to homes and property. The Boll Weevil Following the end of slavery in 1865, African-Americans in the South faced an uncertain future. Although the Freedmens Bureau helped to rebuild the South during the Reconstruction period, African-Americans soon found themselves reliant on the same people who were once their owners. African-Americans became sharecroppers, a system in which small farmers rented farm space, supplies and tools to harvest a crop. However, an insect known as the boll weevil damaged crops throughout the south between 1910 and 1920. As a result of the boll weevil’s work, there was less of a demand for agricultural workers, leaving many African-Americans unemployed. World War I and the Demand for Workers When the United States decided to enter World War I, factories in northern and Midwestern cities faced extreme labor shortages for several reasons. First, more than five million men enlisted in the army. Secondly, the United States government halted immigration from European countries. Since many African-Americans in the South had been severely affected by the shortage of agricultural work, they responded to the call of employment agents from cities in the North and Midwest. Agents from various industrial sectors arrived in the South, enticing African-American men and women to migrate north by paying their travel expenses. The demand for workers, incentives from industry agents, better educational and housing options, as well as higher pay, brought many African-Americans from the South. For instance, in Chicago, a man could earn $2.50 per day in a meat packing house or $5.00 per day on an assembly line in Detroit The Black Press Northern African-American newspapers played an important role in the Great Migration. Publications such as the Chicago Defender published train schedules and employment listings to persuade Southern African-Americans to migrate north. News publications such as the Pittsburgh Courier and the Amsterdam News published editorials and cartoons showing the promise of moving from the South to the North. These promises included better education for children, the right to vote, access to various types of employment and improved housing conditions. By reading these incentives along with train schedules and job listings, African-Americans understood the importance of leaving the South.

THEORY SUMMARY - 15082 Words

BMCF 5103 CORPORATE FINANCE Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh Lecture 1: An Introduction to Corporate Finance Contents ï‚ ·What is finance? ï‚ ·What is corporate finance? ï‚ ·The balance-sheet model of the firm ï‚ ·Capital budgeting ï‚ ·Capitalstructure ï‚ ·The firm and thefinancial markets ï‚ ·Forms of business organisation ï‚ ·The goals of a corporation ï‚ ·Agency relationships: stockholders versusmanagers, stockholders versus creditors ï‚ ·Managers’ actions to maximise stockholder wealth ï‚ ·Financial management and the firm Reading Brigham, E., and J. Houston, 2007, Fundamentalsof Financial Management, 11thedition,South-Western. Chapter 1. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. andJaffe(2010),Corporate Finance, 9thedition, McGraw−Hill, Chapter 1.†¦show more content†¦The firm and the financialmarkets (A) Firm issues securities to raise cash (the financing decision). (B) Firm invests in assets (capitalbudgeting). (C) Firm’s operations generate cash flow. (D) Cash is paid to government astaxes. (E) Retained cash flows are reinvested in firm. (F) Cash is paid out to investors in the form of interest and dividends. 9 Forms of business organisation ï‚ ·Sole proprietorship An unincorporated businessowned by one individual. Advantagesare (1) easy and inexpensive to set up, (2) subject to few government regulations and (3) avoids corporate taxation.Disadvantages are (1) difficult to obtain large amounts ofcapital,(2) unlimitedpersonalliability and (3) life of business constrainedby life of individual ï‚ ·Partnership An unincorporated business arrangement operated by two or more individuals. Same advantages and disadvantages as sole proprietorship, but added disadvantage that one partner’sliability must be borne by all other partners (although this could be considered an advantage). ï‚ ·Corporation A legal entity that is separate from its owners and managers.Advantages are (1) unlimited life, (2) easily transferred ownership and(3) limitedliability.Disadvantages are (1)earnings may be subjectto double (both corporate and personal) taxation and (2) setting up and running a corporation isShow MoreRelatedSix Sigma for Pizza5436 Words   |  22 Pagespizzas is sufficient to you â€Å" and â€Å"Can you find your favorite taste among the existing available choice of pizzas â€Å" were also included in the questionnaires and survey questions to customers. 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Themes in HRM for Employee Recruitment - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theThemes in HRM for Employee Recruitment. Answer: Introduction The Human Research Topic for this presentation is aimed at answering What is the current research for HRM Topic? This research topic covers; Ethical and legal contexts of HRM, Industrial Challenges for HRM, Diversity and Work-life Balance, Employee Recruitment and Selection, Performance Management, Human Resource Development, Motivation, Rewards and Compensation Aim of this study The aim of this study is meant to develop a critical understanding of future trends in the Human Resource Management. The research will use both primary and secondary sources by examining current professional and academic literature for purposes of providing a clear outlook of the current research in Human Resource Management. Research Methods The research methods used will include the gathering of ideas through reviewing relevant academic textbooks that are related to the chapters from week 4-11. The research will focus on peer-reviewed journals to identify key themes related to current research in Human Resource Management. After, the ideas will be used to present an engaging discussion on the topic. Findings and results The themes of current research for ethical and legal contexts include surveillance of control for purposes of manipulating employee attitudes and commitment. Others include insecurity and risk, deregulation and rhetoric and deceit. The themes for technical challenges include geological disposal of radioactive waste, carbon capture and storage as well as flood embankments. Issues in diversity and work-life balance include programs, culture, personal lives and family. Themes in analysis and design of work focused on skill deficiency and shortages (Wright, Coff Moliterno, 2014). Themes in employee recruitment and selection include innovations and efficiency, customization and efficiency as well as transparency and effectiveness. The performance management themes include Systems Model, common practices and other related issues (Chuang, Jackson Jiang, 2016). Themes in human resource development include skill deficiency and technology awareness. Under motivation, rewards and compensation issues arising include personalization, technology and flexibility. Conclusion Current issues in Human resource management play a significant role in regards to appraising, rewarding and training for purposes of hiring the right personnel, ensuring there is a low employee turnover, guarantee the best performance, encourage fair compensation and effective conduct and elaborate training programs. References Chuang, C. H., Jackson, S. E., Jiang, Y. (2016). Can Knowledge-Intensive Teamwork be Managed? Examining the Roles of HRM Systems, Leadership, and Tacit Knowledge. Journal of management, 42(2), 524-554. Wright, P. M., Coff, R., Moliterno, T. P. (2014). Strategic Human Capital: Crossing the Great Divide. Journal of Management, 40(2), 353-370.

Beginnings of the stock market Essay Example For Students

Beginnings of the stock market Essay At the tail end of the 19th century, boasting a list of business contacts made reporting on gold and silver prospecting in a Colorado mining town called Leadville, Charles Dow left the frontier for the nations financial hub, New York City. He found a job at the Kiernan News Agency, a service that distributed handwritten business news to banks and brokers, where he met two fellow financial reporters, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser. In 1882, the three jumped ship to form a publishing venture of their own. Poor Bergstresser. Not only did he bankroll Dow Jones ; Company with the savings hed acquired by working his way through college, but he alsogave the companys publication, a daily two-page financial news bulletin called the Customers Afternoon Letter, a more lasting appellation: The Wall Street Journal. But Bergstresser was deemed too long to be included in the companys name, and so when Dow invented his stock index 14 years later, he wasnt compelled to name it the Dow Jones Bergstresser Industrial Average. Dow had created a stock average based on eleven companies for the Letter, but his average almost entirely comprised railroad companies. For the Journal, in 1896, Dow used twelve companies and expanded into the American economys bustling industrial sector, companies with names like National Lead and U.S. Rubber. The first measurement of the Dow Jones Industrial Average was 40.94, and it sagged back down close to that number at 41.22 points in 1932 during the throes of the Great Depression. Forty years later the index broke 1,000, and today its barreling down on the 9,000 mark.

Essay Examples on Catherine the Great Essay Example

Essay Examples on Catherine the Great Paper 1st Essay Sample on Catherine the Great Throughout history, Russia has been viewed as a regressive cluster of barely civilized people on the verge of barbarism.In the eighteenth century, ideas of science and secularism grasped hold of Europe, and Russian Czars, realizing how behind Muscovite culture was, sought out this knowledge, attempting to imbed it into Russian society.Catherine II was one of these Czars.She listened to both the ideas of the philosophes and the problems of her people and strove to enlighten Russia by codifying the laws, establishing an elected government, funding hospitals, and forming a functioning school board.Her attempts, however, were met with only partial success.Her reforms received much criticism, especially from the serfs, and Catherine was forced to realize, through the Pugachev Rebellion in 1773, that enlightening all of Russia was an impossibility.Catherine IIs greatest glory was seen in her foreign policies, as she solved two fundamental problems for Russia by winning victories over Turk ey and Poland.As well, she established a League of Armed Neutrality and spoke out against the French Revolution. Catherines reign created both prosperity and poverty for Russia.In order to decide whether she was truly great, one must evaluate her accomplishments upon the foundation of Russian ideals. At the end of the seventeenth century, Russia was a country in transition.The death of Czar Alexis in 1676 marked a change in Russian society, a movement from traditional Muscovite culture toward new, educated concepts.Reforms in the 1650s divided and weakened the Russian Orthodox Church, and a few bold individuals began to adopt a semi-westernized lifestyle.By western standards, however, Russia still seem backward, and at best, a fringe nation of Europe†¦without benefit of middle class, universities, academies, or secular culture (Oblensky and Stone 144). 2nd Essay Sample on Catherine the Great Catherine II was the Empress over the Russians, she is now one of the most interesting and interesting people ever written about in the pages of history during the eighteenth century.Historians have not always said good things about Catherine, and often people read about Catherine’s private life, and ignore her achievements.The stories of her love affairs have been blown out of proportion and can be traced to many French writers in the years immediately after Catherine;s death, when Republican France was fighting for its life against a Coalition that included Russia. Catherine’s name was Sophia Augusta Frederika of Anhalt-Zerbest when she was born on April 21, 1729 in Stettin, then known as Germany, Now known as Poland.Her Father, Prince Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbest, a minor prince ling among the broken authorityin Germany, had married the much younger princess Johanna of Holstein-Gottorp.The house of Holstein could lay claim to the crown of Sweden.Instead of m aking a better marriage, her family had arranged a match to this Prince of modest position.After Sophia was born her mother soon became board with the sheltered life of Stettin, where her husband was a high-ranking officer in the Prussian Army.As Johanna was related to many noble families in Germany, she decided to take every opportunity to travel to the courts of Zerbst, Hamburg, Brunswick, Kiel and even Berlin. Years before Johannas brother Karl August of Holstein-Gottorp had gone to Russia to marry the princess Elizabeth Petrovina, who was the daughter of Peter the great.Before the wedding took place, the prince died of small pox, leaving Elizabeth depressed.Her sister Anna had married the Duke Karl Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. Three months after giving birth to a son, Peter Ulrich,Anna died of tuberculosis.When Peter Ulrich was ten years old, his father died and the throne of Sweden was passed to his son. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Catherine the Great specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Catherine the Great specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Catherine the Great specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

General Carl Spaatz in World War II

General Carl Spaatz in World War II Carl Spaatz - Early Life: Carl A. Spatz was born at Boyertown, PA on June 28, 1891. The second a in his last name was added in 1937, when he grew tired of people mispronouncing his last name. Accepted to West Point in 1910, he earned the nickname Tooey due to his resemblance to fellow cadet F.J. Toohey. Graduating in 1914, Spaatz was initially assigned to the 25th Infantry at Schofield Barracks, HI as a second lieutenant. Arriving in October 1914, he remained with the unit for a year before being accepted into aviation training. Traveling to San Diego, he attended the Aviation School and graduated on May 15, 1916. Carl Spaatz - World War I: Posted to the 1st Aero Squadron, Spaatz took part in Major General John J. Pershings Punitive Expedition against Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. Flying over the Mexican desert, Spaatz was promoted to first lieutenant on July 1, 1916. With the expeditions conclusion, he transferred to the 3rd Aero Squadron at San Antonio, TX in May 1917. Promoted to captain that same month, he soon began preparing to ship out to France as part of the American Expeditionary Force. Commanding the 31st Aero Squadron when he arrived in France, Spaatz was soon detailed to training duties at Issoundun. With the exception of one month at the British front, Spaatz remained at Issoundun from November 15, 1917 to August 30, 1918. Joining the 13th Squadron, he proved a skilled pilot and quickly earned promotion to flight leader. During his two months at the front, he downed three German aircraft and earned the Distinguished Service Cross. With the wars end, he was sent first to California and later Texas as the assistant department air service officer for the Western Department. Carl Spaatz - Interwar: Promoted to major on July 1, 1920, Spaatz spent the next four years as air officer for the Eighth Corps Area and commander of the 1st Pursuit Group. After graduating from the Air Tactical School in 1925, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps in Washington. Four years later, Spaatz achieved some fame when he commanded the Army aircraft Question Mark which set an endurance record of 150 hours, 40 minutes, and 15 seconds. Orbiting the Los Angeles area, Question Mark remained aloft through the use of primitive mid-air refueling procedures. In May 1929, Spaatz transitioned to bombers and was given command of the Seventh Bombardment Group. After leading the First Bombardment Wing, Spaatz was accepted at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth in August 1935. While a student there he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Graduating the following June, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps as assistant executive officer in January 1939. With the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Spaatz was temporarily promoted to colonel that November. Carl Spaatz - World War II: The next summer he was sent to England for several weeks as an observer with the Royal Air Force. Returning to Washington, he received an appointment as assistant to the chief of Air Corps, with the temporary rank of brigadier general. With American neutrality threatened, Spaatz was named chief of the air staff at Army Air Force Headquarters in July 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into the conflict, Spaatz was promoted to the temporary rank of major general and named chief of the Army Air Force Combat Command. After brief tenure in this role, Spaatz took command of the Eighth Air Force and was charged with transferring the unit to Great Britain to commence operations against the Germans. Arriving in July 1942, Spaatz established American bases in Britain and began flying raids against the Germans. Shortly after his arrival, Spaatz was also named commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces in the European Theater. For his actions with the Eighth Air Force, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. With the Eighth established in England, Spaatz departed to lead the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa in December 1942. Two months later he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general. With the conclusion of the North Africa campaign, Spaatz became deputy commander of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces. In January 1944, he returned to Britain to become the commander of US Strategic Air Forces in Europe. In this position he led the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. While focusing on German industry, his bombers also hit targets across France in support of the Normandy invasion in June 1944. For his accomplishments in bombing, he was awarded the Robert J. Collier Trophy for achievement in aviation. Promoted to the temporary rank of general on March 11, 1945, he remained in Europe through the German surrender before returning to Washington. Arriving in June, he departed the following month to become commander of US Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific. Establishing his headquarters on Guam, he led the final US bombing campaigns against Japan utilizing the B-29 Superfortress. In this role, Spaatz supervised the use of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. With the Japanese capitulation, Spaatz was a member of the delegation that oversaw the signing of the surrender documents. Carl Spaatz - Postwar: With the war over, Spaatz returned to Army Air Force Headquarters in October 1945, and was promoted to the permanent rank of major general. Four months later, following the retirement of General Henry Arnold, Spaatz was named the commander of the Army Air Forces. In 1947, with the passage of the National Security Act and the establishment of the US Air Force as a separate service, President Harry S. Truman selected Spaatz to serve as the first Chief of the Staff of the US Air Force. He remained in this post until his retirement on June 30, 1948. Leaving the military, Spaatz served as a military affairs editor for Newsweek magazine until 1961. During this time he also fulfilled the role of National Commander of the Civil Air Patrol (1948-1959) and sat on the Committee of Senior Advisors to the Air Force Chief of Staff (1952-1974). Spaatz died on July 14, 1974, and was buried at the US Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs. Selected Sources Air Force Magazine: Carl A. SpaatzCarl Spaatz Overview

Marketing Activities of Long Beach Seafood Restaurant Essay

Marketing Activities of Long Beach Seafood Restaurant - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Long Beach seafood restaurant is believed to be quite well known for its exceptional offerings of different seafood to its customers. The restaurant is located on the East Coast Parkway and the other divisions of it are located in different places including Marina, East Coast Seafood Centre along with IMM Building in Singapore. The restaurant was founded in the year 1946 with its earliest division at Bedok Resthouse and delivered various seafood items to the various customer segments of Singapore including both domestic and international customers. The Long Beach restaurant is known to be quite popular for its unique offering of black pepper crabs in Singapore and is also renowned for its exceptional seafood offerings of Drunken Prawns along with various types of uncooked seafood. Moreover, the BBQ Golden Phoenix fish, Crispy Duck along with the signature dishes such as Golden Stripe Lobster were few of the most well-liked dishes of Long Beach during t he 1980s followed by House Speciality Prawn and other seafood items during the period of 1990s. The study intends to discuss the different information sources of analyzing the business environment of the food & beverage industry as well as situational analysis of Long Beach Restaurant to guide its strategic decision processes. Moreover, the paper will also include the 4Ps of the marketing mix and effective market segmentation initiatives for Long Beach in the competitive restaurant business. In addition, the brand management of major products along with the effective strategies of product lifecycle has also been considered in the study. Food chains or restaurants serving food and beverages to the customers entail certain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Furthermore, these factors would be analyzed with the help of a SWOT analysis. Strengths of a restaurant are supposed to be those factors through which they attract customers and satisfy their respective demands rel ated to food and beverages along with ensuring profit maximization. The foremost strength of the restaurant i.e. Long Beach is its kitchen which is usually managed by highly proficient chefs. Furthermore, the chefs also conduct brainstorming activities in order to innovate and introduce new dishes.